sources

EU Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Welfare Aspects of the Production of Foie Gras in Ducks and Geese (1998) – production and consumption data for Belgium[6]. Donald M. Broom & Irene Rochlitz (trans.), Production of Foie Gras Without Force Feeding (2015) – Belgian production (25 t, 13 producers, 50 k ducks) and species share[3]. Euro Foie Gras, Who We Are (2024) – 13 t of foie gras produced in 2024, 105 g per capita consumption, and regulatory overview[2][15]. GAIA, Force‑feeding in foie gras production: GAIA launches legal action against the Walloon Region (Dec 2023) – number of Walloon producers (7), birds force‑fed annually (25,000), and legal arguments[1][11]. GAIA news releases (2017–2019) – regional bans in Brussels and Flanders and closure of the last Flemish producer[16][9][17]. Flanders Today, “Foie gras out of favour” (2010) – operations at Bekegemse Foie Gras (30 k ducks per year, group pens)[14]. Ferme d’Upignac (company history) – origins, workshop construction, supermarket supply and workforce[12][22]. Ferme Louis Legrand (farm website) – eight‑generation farm, start of duck breeding in 1998, outdoor rearing and maize gavage[13]. Euro Foie Gras articles (2019, 2022) – Belgian consumption (90 g per capita), fattening phase (10–14 days), open‑farm days at Sauvenière and Louis Legrand[4][23]. WITS (World Bank/UN Comtrade) data on fresh or chilled fatty livers exports in 2023 – Belgium’s export value and quantity[7]. TrendEconomy statistics on goose fatty livers (HS 020753) – Belgium’s share of world imports and exports, major partners[26][24]. FASFC, Situation in Belgium – Avian Influenza (2025) – outbreak data for 2022–2024 and HPAI‑free status[33]. Four Paws blog, The EU Can End Mandatory Force‑Feeding in Foie Gras Production (July 2023) – discussion of EU regulation requiring minimum liver weights and call for reform[32]. [1] [5] [10] [11] [18] [19] [20] Force-feeding in foie gras production: GAIA launches legal action against the Walloon Region https://press.gaia.be/force-feeding-in-foie-gras-production-gaia-launches-legal-action-against-the-walloon-region [2] [15] [21] Who We Are – Euro Foie Gras : Euro Foie Gras https://eurofoiegras.com/en/who-we-are/ [3] [28] Microsoft Word - 2015 - FINAL FG Report Broom Rochlitz_NLrev_Hilde.docx https://www.gaia.be/sites/default/files/2021-04/2015_-_final_fg_report_broom_rochlitz_nl_final_0_0.pdf [4] Ban of assisted-feeding in Flanders – Euro Foie Gras : Euro Foie Gras https://eurofoiegras.com/en/2019/03/21/en-etiam-semper-mi-vitae-interdum-lacinia/ [6] 0727.PDF https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_scah_out17_en.pdf [7] Fresh or chilled fatty livers of geese or ducks exports by country |2023 https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/ALL/year/2023/tradeflow/Exports/partner/WLD/product/020731 [8] [24] [25] [26] [27] Meat and edible offal; of geese, fatty livers (foie gras), fresh or chilled | Imports and Exports | 2023 https://trendeconomy.com/data/commodity_h2/020753 [9] Flemish Parliament approves ban on fur farming and force feeding | GAIA https://www.gaia.be/en/news/flemish-parliament-approves-ban-fur-farming-and-force-feeding [12] [22] From Upigny to Upignac, a family history https://lafermedupignac.be/en_US/une-histoire-de-famille [13] Ferme Louis Legrand - Producteur de foie gras artisanal - Templeuve ( Tournai ) - Belgique - Accueil - Accueil - https://www.fermelouislegrand.be/ [14] Friendly faux | Flanders Today https://www.flanderstoday.eu/content/friendly-faux [16] Ban on force-feeding in the Brussels-Capital Region | GAIA https://www.gaia.be/en/news/ban-force-feeding-brussels-capital-region [17] Last foie gras producer in Flanders to close ahead of force-feeding ban | The Bulletin https://www.thebulletin.be/last-foie-gras-producer-flanders-close-ahead-force-feeding-ban [23] Discovery, pedagogy and rurality: immersion in Wallonia’s foie gras farms – Euro Foie Gras : Euro Foie Gras https://eurofoiegras.com/en/2022/06/22/discovery-pedagogy-and-rurality-immersion-in-wallonias-foie-gras-farms/ [29] [30] [31] [33] Situation in Belgium | FASFC https://www.fasfc.be/animals/animal-health/animal-diseases/avian-diseases/avian-influenza/situation-belgium [32] The EU Can End Mandatory Force-Feeding in Foie Gras Production - FOUR PAWS – Animal Welfare https://www.four-paws.be/our-stories/eu-blog-news/the-eu-can-end-mandatory-force-feeding-in-foie-gras-production

Academic and official reports: influenza‑surveillance study (Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 2016)[8][30]; EFSA/ECDC avian‑influenza reports[15][16]; Bulgarian CORHV risk assessment (2018)[17][18][19]; Bulgarian Animal Protection Act[28]. Industry sources: Euro Foie Gras key figures[1]; company websites of Alliance Agricole[9], Brezovo Ltd.[13], Agroplasment 92‑V[14][23] and Tedimex Ltd.[10]. Trade data: World Bank WITS trade database (HS 020731 and HS 020743) for 2017–2024[25][6][21][7][26]. News and advocacy: AFP/Independent (2009) interviews with Volex owner[11][12]; Poultry World (2012) on employment and EU ban debate[2]; Business Support Centre/Novinite on export share[4][5]; CAAI “Stop Gavage” campaign[3]; Reuters (2022) on avian‑influenza impacts[20]; Poultry World (2023) on duck‑meat export growth[31]; Dutch Ministry of Agriculture brief on Bulgaria’s global market share[27]. [1] Who We Are – Euro Foie Gras : Euro Foie Gras https://eurofoiegras.com/en/who-we-are/ [2] Bulgaria fears EU ban on foie gras - Poultry World https://www.poultryworld.net/poultry/bulgaria-fears-eu-ban-on-foie-gras/ [3] Петиция за забрана на насилственото угояване на патици и гъски https://stopfoiegras.caai.bg/ [4] News | Business support centre for small and medium enterprises https://bscsme.eu/en/news/ [5] Bulgaria's Exports Exceed 50 Billion Dollars - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency https://www.novinite.com/articles/220613/Bulgaria's%20Exports%20Exceed%2050%20Billion%20Dollars [6] Bulgaria Fresh or chilled fatty livers of geese or ducks exports by country | 2019 | Data https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/BGR/year/2019/tradeflow/Exports/partner/ALL/product/020731 [7] Bulgaria Fresh or chilled fatty livers of geese or ducks exports by country | 2024 | Data https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/BGR/year/2024/tradeflow/Exports/partner/ALL/product/020731 [8] [30] Influenza surveillance on ‘foie gras’ duck farms in Bulgaria, 2008–2012 - PMC https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4746559/ [9] Activity and Production https://alag.bg/en/activity-and-production [10] Our history – Tedimex Ltd https://tedimex.bg/en/notre-histoire/ [11] Fat days for Bulgarian, Hungarian foie gras makers - Taipei Times https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/worldbiz/archives/2009/12/14/2003460869 [12] Fatter days for Bulgarian, Hungarian foie gras makers | The Independent | The Independent https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/food-and-drink/fatter-days-for-bulgarian-hungarian-foie-gras-makers-1840807.html [13] :: Brezovo Ltd.Welcome:: https://www.brezovo.com/en/home.html [14] Agroplasment -92 -V https://agroplasment92v.com/eng/index.html [15] [16] untitled https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/avian-influenza-overview-joint-report-October-2017.pdf [17] [18] [19] [29] 2018_04_20_Opinion_AW_and_Foie_gras_ducks_geese.pdf https://corhv.government.bg/files/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0%20%D0%B8%20%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0/02_%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%20%D0%B8%20%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC%20%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85/2018_04_20_Opinion_AW_and_Foie_gras_ducks_geese.pdf [20] Buy early and share, foie gras makers say after bird flu slashed output | Reuters https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/buy-early-share-foie-gras-makers-say-after-bird-flu-slashed-output-2022-10-20/ [21] Bulgaria Fresh or chilled fatty livers of geese or ducks exports by country | 2023 | Data https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/BGR/year/2023/tradeflow/Exports/partner/ALL/product/020731 [22] Bulgaria Concerned over Foie Gras Ban | The Poultry Site https://www.thepoultrysite.com/news/2012/10/bulgaria-concerned-over-foie-gras-ban [23] Agroplasment -92 -V https://agroplasment92v.com/eng/index-2.html [24] Foie gras producing and importing countries: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly https://en.stopgavagesuisse.ch/post/foie-gras-producing-and-importing-countries-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-1 [25] Bulgaria Fresh or chilled fatty livers of geese or ducks exports by country | 2017 | Data https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/BGR/year/2017/tradeflow/Exports/partner/ALL/product/020731 [26] Bulgaria Frozen cuts and offal of geese, ducks and guine exports by country | 2023 | Data https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/BGR/year/2023/tradeflow/Exports/partner/ALL/product/020743 [27] 4 Goods Where Bulgaria is a Leader in Exports in the World | Agroberichten Buitenland https://www.agroberichtenbuitenland.nl/actueel/nieuws/2018/08/22/4-goods-where-bulgaria-is-a-leader-in-exports-in-the-world [28] zakon_za_zashchita_na_zhivotnite_v_sila_ot_31012008_g_obn_dv_br13_ot_8_fevruari_2008g_izm_dv_br80_ot_9_oktomvri_2009g_izm_dv_br8_ot_25_ianuari_2011.pdf https://www.mzh.government.bg/media/filer_public/2018/02/27/zakon_za_zashchita_na_zhivotnite_v_sila_ot_31012008_g_obn_dv_br13_ot_8_fevruari_2008g_izm_dv_br80_ot_9_oktomvri_2009g_izm_dv_br8_ot_25_ianuari_2011.pdf [31] [title unknown] https://www.poultryworld.net/the-industrymarkets/market-trends-analysis-the-industrymarkets-2/bulgarias-poultry-sector-sees-successful-recovery/

Industry structure and production: AECOQ, Guide pour l’élevage des canards (2018). Quebec produces over 40 % of Canada’s Pekin ducks and 100 % of its force‑fed ducks[1]; the guide was developed to address rising welfare expectations and was reviewed by CFIA, MAPAQ and other stakeholders[21]. Production volumes: Maisonneuve magazine reported that Quebec produced ~8,500 duck livers per week in 2010[4]. Science Business estimated about 20 producers in 2019[5]. Export statistics: AECOQ’s export page states that Canada exported 2,181 tonnes of duck meat in 2017 and that 33 % was foie gras[9]. WITS customs data show declining exports of HS 020743 (duck/goose offal) from 4.5 million kg in 2010[31] to 307,284 kg in 2024[32]. Producer information: The French Feast site notes that Élevages Périgord, founded in 1993, became Canada’s leading producer[10]. Rougié’s U.S. site indicates that the company has operated in Quebec since 1998 and markets its products worldwide[25]. Périgord bankruptcy: A local newspaper reported that Élevages Périgord declared bankruptcy in April 2016, had a 30‑employee slaughterhouse linked to about 15 farms, suffered a 32 % revenue decline and a CA$15 million deficit, and was acquired by Hudson Valley Foie Gras for CA$2 million[48]. Facility scale and labour: A Quebec labour‑safety investigation describes Aux Champs d’Élisé’s gavage barn: two zones of 2,000 cages (4,000 total), ducks delivered at 11 weeks and force‑fed for ~12 days, with each worker feeding up to 1,000 ducks per session[43][28]. Association statements: AÉCOQ emphasises that Quebec exports primarily frozen ducks, duck pieces and foie gras, and that value‑added products like foie gras are gaining presence in grocery stores[47]. It also notes that members use 100 % local ducks and operate under CFIA/MAPAQ inspection[38]. Activism and opposition: The Winnipeg Humane Society summarises undercover investigations at Canadian foie gras farms and alleges routine cruelty[42]. PETA’s 2013 expose shows ducks in narrow cages at Palmex[41]. The Vancouver Humane Society’s 2025 petition calls for a ban on force‑feeding and on foie gras imports[24]. California litigation: The Ninth Circuit’s opinion in Ass’n des Éleveurs de Canards et d’Oies du Québec v. Bonta (2022) summarises the legal reasoning upholding California’s sales ban[22][23]. Quebec media reported that only three Quebec producers (Rougié, Aux Champs d’Élisé and Élevages Périgord) met U.S. export requirements and that the California market represented 25 % of potential U.S. sales, worth about CA$2 million[35]. Food safety: The CFIA recall notice for Rougié Duck Foie Gras due to undeclared milk in 2021 illustrates regulatory enforcement[40]. [1] [20] [21] [34] [39] Document_110570.pdf https://www.agrireseau.net/documents/Document_110570.pdf [2] [7] [11] [12] [13] [33] Foie Gras - CooksInfo https://www.cooksinfo.com/foie-gras [3] [4] Maisonneuve | Foie Gras Wars https://maisonneuve.org/article/2010/03/12/foie-gras-wars/ [5] Here’s an ‘audacious’ science project: foie gras without the controversy | Science|Business https://sciencebusiness.net/news/heres-audacious-science-project-foie-gras-without-controversy [6] [35] Foie gras : de bonnes nouvelles pour les producteurs québécois - La Terre de chez nous https://www.laterre.ca/actualites/elevage/foie-gras-de-bonnes-nouvelles-pour-les-producteurs-quebecois/ [8] Government of Canada invests to advance animal science research - Canada.ca https://www.canada.ca/en/agriculture-agri-food/news/2019/08/government-of-canada-invests-to-advance-animal-science-research.html [9] Exportations canadiennes de produits de canards - Canard du Québec https://canardduquebec.com/achat-export/normes-elevage-transformation/exploitations-canadiennes-produits-canards/ [10] French Feast--French gourmet food and specialty foods from France -- Elevages Perigord https://www.frenchfeast.com/catalog/elevagesperigord.htm [14] Petición · Stamp Out the Canadian Foie Gras Industry--The Dirty Little Secret - Estados Unidos · Change.org https://www.change.org/p/stamp-out-the-canadian-foie-gras-industry-the-dirty-little-secret [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [45] [48] Une entreprise américaine rachète les installations d'Élevages Périgord - Journal Le Saint-François https://journalsaint-francois.ca/une-entreprise-americaine-rachete-les-installations-delevages-perigord/ [22] [23] 20-55882.pdf https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2022/05/06/20-55882.pdf [24] Petition: End inhumane foie gras production in Canada https://vancouverhumanesociety.bc.ca/posts/protect-ducks-and-geese-from-force-feeding-for-foie-gras-federal-e-petition/ [25] Rougié local producer of Duck Foie Gras in Quebec https://www.rougie.us/ [26] [27] [28] [43] Microsoft Word - ed003863.doc https://www.upa.qc.ca/fileadmin/01_UPA_provincial/Prod_SST/Rapports/2010/Volailles-et-viandes-2000.pdf [29] [30] Normes d’élevage et de transformation - Canard du Québec https://canardduquebec.com/achat-export/normes-elevage-transformation/ [31] Canada Frozen cuts and offal of geese, ducks and guine exports by country | 2010 | Data https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/CAN/year/2010/tradeflow/Exports/partner/ALL/product/020743 [32] Canada Frozen cuts and offal of geese, ducks and guine exports by country | 2024 | Data https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/CAN/year/2024/tradeflow/Exports/partner/ALL/product/020743 [36] Canada Frozen cuts and offal of geese, ducks and guine exports by country | 2023 | Data https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/CAN/year/2023/tradeflow/Exports/partner/ALL/product/020743 [37] Canada Frozen cuts and offal of geese, ducks and guine exports by country | 2015 | Data https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/CAN/year/2015/tradeflow/Exports/partner/ALL/product/020743 [38] Salubrité et traçabilité - Canard du Québec https://canardduquebec.com/achat-export/normes-elevage-transformation/salubtite-tracabilite/ [40] Rougié brand Duck Foie Gras recalled due to undeclared milk - Canada.ca https://recalls-rappels.canada.ca/en/alert-recall/rougie-brand-duck-foie-gras-recalled-due-undeclared-milk [41] Foie gras farms still stuck in medieval times https://www.nationthailand.com/perspective/30203596 [42] Foie Gras | Winnipeg Humane Society https://winnipeghumanesociety.ca/animal-issues/foie-gras/ [44] Environnement - Canard du Québec https://canardduquebec.com/achat-export/normes-elevage-transformation/norme-environnement/ [46] Victory for birds: U.S. Supreme Court upholds California foie gras ban - SPCA de Montréal https://www.spca.com/en/victory-for-birds-u-s-supreme-court-upholds-california-foie-gras-ban/ [47] À propos - Canard du Québec https://canardduquebec.com/achat-export/normes-elevage-transformation/caracteristiques-canard-eleve-transforme-quebec/

People’s Daily & Xinhua (2024–2025) – Articles on Linqu and Huoqiu counties provide production volumes, historical milestones, state support and export initiatives[6][5][12][3][11][10][7][14]. China Daily (Feb 2025) – Profile of Anhui Renjun Poultry Company supplies data on Huoqiu’s production and challenges[7][14]. Korean media (Maeil/Chosun/Moneycontrol translations, Dec 2025) – Reports summarising FT and Bloomberg analyses estimate national production at ~7,000 tonnes and highlight competitiveness and export strategies[2][8][22]. Asia for Animals & Wilson Center – Document opposition to the Poyang Lake mega‑farm and detail environmental and worker risks from CAFOs[21][20][17][18]. Government statement (2019) – Confirms absence of comprehensive animal‑cruelty law[9]. GlobeNewswire press release (Dec 2025) – Describes cooperation with French foie gras association and Linqu’s integrated industrial model[23]. [1] [3] [5] [12] County in E China's Shandong produces 20 percent of global foie gras - People's Daily Online https://en.people.cn/n3/2025/0702/c98649-20335176.html [2] “Who Would Have Expected Chinese Products at a Michelin-Starred Restaurant?”—Diners Outraged After Paying Top Dollar - MK https://www.mk.co.kr/en/business/11505712 [4] [6] A Chinese county's culinary journey -- from foie gras to caviar | Macau Business https://macaubusiness.com/a-chinese-countys-culinary-journey-from-foie-gras-to-caviar/ [7] [14] Expanding foie gras market in China and beyond - Chinadaily.com.cn https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202502/21/WS67b7e8daa310c240449d68b1.html [8] China expands premium food exports, challenges global producers - CHOSUNBIZ https://biz.chosun.com/en/en-international/2025/12/27/BHUNGGFXTZHRDESCTS6PAEXBNI/ [9] Ministry sees need to stop animal cruelty https://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/201912/14/content_WS5df4573ac6d0bcf8c4c18d5e.html [10] [11] Chinese county becomes global foie gras powerhouse - People's Daily Online https://en.people.cn/n3/2024/0716/c90000-20194311.html [13] Luxury appetites and protectionism bring foie gras production to China https://qz.com/193609/luxury-appetites-and-protectionism-bring-foie-gras-production-to-china [15] County in E China's Shandong produces 20 percent of global foie gras https://cceeccic.org/261156345.html [16] Previously lesser-known specialty agricultural products gain popularity - People's Daily Online https://en.people.cn/n3/2024/0527/c98649-20174509.html [17] [18] Microsoft Word - CAFOsFeb28.doc https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/factory_farms_feb28.pdf [19] Wild goose chase? France works to rouse China’s appetite for pricey, imported foie gras | South China Morning Post https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3337676/wild-goose-chase-france-works-rouse-chinas-appetite-pricey-imported-foie-gras [20] [21] Suspension of the development of a foie gras operation in Jiangxi province, China https://www.asiaforanimals.com/post/suspension-of-the-development-of-a-foie-gras-operation-in-jiangxi-province-china-2 [22] From caviar to cherries: How China is turning luxury foods into a domestic powerhouse https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/from-caviar-to-cherries-how-china-is-turning-luxury-foods-into-a-domestic-powerhouse-article-13739186.html [23] Shandong's Linqu County Elevates Foie Gras Industry to https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/12/17/3206952/0/en/Shandong-s-Linqu-County-Elevates-Foie-Gras-Industry-to-Global-Prominence.html

People’s Daily & Xinhua (2024–2025) – Articles on Linqu and Huoqiu counties provide production volumes, historical milestones, state support and export initiatives[6][5][12][3][11][10][7][14]. China Daily (Feb 2025) – Profile of Anhui Renjun Poultry Company supplies data on Huoqiu’s production and challenges[7][14]. Korean media (Maeil/Chosun/Moneycontrol translations, Dec 2025) – Reports summarising FT and Bloomberg analyses estimate national production at ~7,000 tonnes and highlight competitiveness and export strategies[2][8][22]. Asia for Animals & Wilson Center – Document opposition to the Poyang Lake mega‑farm and detail environmental and worker risks from CAFOs[21][20][17][18]. Government statement (2019) – Confirms absence of comprehensive animal‑cruelty law[9]. GlobeNewswire press release (Dec 2025) – Describes cooperation with French foie gras association and Linqu’s integrated industrial model[23]. [1] [3] [5] [12] County in E China's Shandong produces 20 percent of global foie gras - People's Daily Online https://en.people.cn/n3/2025/0702/c98649-20335176.html [2] “Who Would Have Expected Chinese Products at a Michelin-Starred Restaurant?”—Diners Outraged After Paying Top Dollar - MK https://www.mk.co.kr/en/business/11505712 [4] [6] A Chinese county's culinary journey -- from foie gras to caviar | Macau Business https://macaubusiness.com/a-chinese-countys-culinary-journey-from-foie-gras-to-caviar/ [7] [14] Expanding foie gras market in China and beyond - Chinadaily.com.cn https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202502/21/WS67b7e8daa310c240449d68b1.html [8] China expands premium food exports, challenges global producers - CHOSUNBIZ https://biz.chosun.com/en/en-international/2025/12/27/BHUNGGFXTZHRDESCTS6PAEXBNI/ [9] Ministry sees need to stop animal cruelty https://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/201912/14/content_WS5df4573ac6d0bcf8c4c18d5e.html [10] [11] Chinese county becomes global foie gras powerhouse - People's Daily Online https://en.people.cn/n3/2024/0716/c90000-20194311.html [13] Luxury appetites and protectionism bring foie gras production to China https://qz.com/193609/luxury-appetites-and-protectionism-bring-foie-gras-production-to-china [15] County in E China's Shandong produces 20 percent of global foie gras https://cceeccic.org/261156345.html [16] Previously lesser-known specialty agricultural products gain popularity - People's Daily Online https://en.people.cn/n3/2024/0527/c98649-20174509.html [17] [18] Microsoft Word - CAFOsFeb28.doc https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/factory_farms_feb28.pdf [19] Wild goose chase? France works to rouse China’s appetite for pricey, imported foie gras | South China Morning Post https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3337676/wild-goose-chase-france-works-rouse-chinas-appetite-pricey-imported-foie-gras [20] [21] Suspension of the development of a foie gras operation in Jiangxi province, China https://www.asiaforanimals.com/post/suspension-of-the-development-of-a-foie-gras-operation-in-jiangxi-province-china-2 [22] From caviar to cherries: How China is turning luxury foods into a domestic powerhouse https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/from-caviar-to-cherries-how-china-is-turning-luxury-foods-into-a-domestic-powerhouse-article-13739186.html [23] Shandong's Linqu County Elevates Foie Gras Industry to https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/12/17/3206952/0/en/Shandong-s-Linqu-County-Elevates-Foie-Gras-Industry-to-Global-Prominence.html

Official statistics: FranceAgriMer, Fiche Filière Foie Gras (2023–2024), providing production volumes, geographical concentration, duck vs goose ratio, export destinations and consumption patterns[2][5][7][20][3][18][9][8]. Historical and corporate context: OpenEdition article on French gastronomy traditions[10][11][12][13]; Euralis and Labeyrie corporate documents[14][19]. Regulatory sources: French Rural Code article L.654‑27‑1[6]; EU written questions and Council recommendations[22][28]; Euro Foie Gras commitments[21]. News reports and official releases: Reuters coverage of CIFOG forecasts and vaccination‑related export bans[16][25]; Competition authority press release on Euralis–Maïsadour merger[17]; USDA GAIN report on avian influenza impacts[15]; Courthouse News on U.S. bans[1]; Guardian on Ernest Soulard trial[23]; Brooks Institute digest on municipal bans[27]; Taste France magazine note on production and species[4]; recall notice[24]. [1] French Producers Shrug Off New York Foie Gras Ban | Courthouse News Service https://www.courthousenews.com/french-producers-shrug-off-new-york-foie-gras-ban/ [2] [5] [7] [20] FICHE_FILIERE_FOIE_GRAS_2023_2.pdf https://www.franceagrimer.fr/sites/default/files/rdd/documents/FICHE_FILIERE_FOIE_GRAS_2023_2.pdf [3] [8] [9] [18] 20240130_FICHE_FILIERE_FOIE_GRAS_2024_2.pdf https://www.franceagrimer.fr/sites/default/files/rdd/documents/20240130_FICHE_FILIERE_FOIE_GRAS_2024_2.pdf [4] Foie Gras: The Star of French Celebrations | Taste France Magazine https://www.tastefrance.com/us/magazine/trends/foie-gras-star-french-celebrations [6] Article 74 - LOI n° 2006-11 du 5 janvier 2006 d'orientation agricole (1) - Légifrance https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/article_jo/JORFARTI000002274639 [10] [11] [12] [13] Les trois traditions du foie gras dans la gastronomie française https://journals.openedition.org/aof/6789 [14] Groupe Euralis | Encyclopedia.com https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/groupe-euralis [15] DownloadReportByFileName https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName [16] French foie gras makers toast rising output after bird flu gloom | Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/markets/commodities/french-foie-gras-makers-toast-rising-output-after-bird-flu-gloom-idUSL8N3BP52V/ [17] Agrifood: The Autorité de la concurrence takes note of the decision taken by the Euralis and Maïsadour groups to withdraw their plans to create a joint venture in the fattened duck sector | Autorité de la concurrence https://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/en/press-release/agrifood-autorite-de-la-concurrence-takes-note-decision-taken-euralis-and-maisadour [19] Alain François https://www.labeyrie-fine-foods.com/en/our-brands/alain-francois [21] Our commitments – Euro Foie Gras : Euro Foie Gras https://eurofoiegras.com/en/our-commitments/ [22] [28] EUR-Lex - 92000E1850 - EN https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/ [23] Foie gras producer on trial in France for ‘serious animal cruelty’ | France | The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/22/foie-gras-producer-ernest-soulard-trial-france [24] 20221222_2.pdf https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/rc/subject/files/20221222_2.pdf [25] France reports bird flu on two farms, losing disease-free status | Reuters https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/france-reports-bird-flu-two-farms-losing-disease-free-status-2024-12-31/ [26] France – Euro Foie Gras : Euro Foie Gras https://eurofoiegras.com/en/2019/04/25/france-2/ [27] Animal Law Digest: Canada Edition: Issue 81: France Cities continue to Ban Foie Gras | Brooks Institute https://thebrooksinstitute.org/animal-law-digest/canada/issue-81/france-cities-continue-ban-foie-gras

Academic and legal sources: The present state and prospects of Hungarian goose farms after EU accession (2005)[7]; Hungarian Ministry Decree 32/1999 (III. 31.)[21]; Act XXVIII of 1998; National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO) reports[22]. Industry reports: Euro Foie Gras key figures 2024[1]; WATTPoultry article on Hungarian production 2009[17]; TrendEconomy trade data (2023)[20]; IndexBox export analysis (2022)[19]. Journalism and trade press: Agrárszektor article on goose‑liver market (Nov 2023)[2]; DiningGuide interview with Liver Kft. (Jan 2023)[3]; Hungerit revenue report (2013)[13]; Four Paws campaign coverage[8]; Reuters report on the 2016–17 avian‑flu outbreak[10]; WATTPoultry reporting on 2024–25 avian‑flu outbreaks[11]. Policy and cultural analysis: Zsuzsa Gille, The Hungarian Foie Gras Boycott (2011)[9]; EuropeNow review highlighting heritage politics[5]. [1] Hungary – Euro Foie Gras : Euro Foie Gras https://eurofoiegras.com/en/2019/04/25/hungary/ [2] [4] Hiába csökken a vásárlóerő, idén is elfogy a libamáj https://www.agrarszektor.hu/elelmiszer/20231103/hiaba-csokken-a-vasarloero-iden-is-elfogy-a-libamaj-45892 [3] Nem az infláció miatt nincs kacsamáj sok étteremben, hanem a madárinfluenza döntötte össze a piacot https://diningguide.hu/nem-az-inflacio-miatt-nincs-kacsamaj-sok-etteremben-hanem-a-madarinfluenza-dontotte-ossze-a-piacot/ [5] Paprika, Foie Gras, and Red Mud: The Politics of Materiality in the European Union by Zsuzsa Gille – EuropeNow https://www.europenowjournal.org/2017/07/17/paprika-foie-gras-and-red-mud-the-politics-of-materiality-in-the-european-union/ [6] Kiosk https://www.kiosk-budapest.hu/en/blog/honnan-is-indult-a-libamaj-hosszu-utjara [7] (PDF) The Present State and Prospects of Hungarian Goose Farms After Eu Accession https://www.academia.edu/66023213/The_Present_State_and_Prospects_of_Hungarian_Goose_Farms_After_Eu_Accession [8] Future for Foie Gras? | The Poultry Site https://www.thepoultrysite.com/news/2008/10/future-for-foie-gras [9] The Hungarian Foie Gras Boycott: Struggles for Moral Sovereignty in Postsocialist Europe - Illinois Experts https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/the-hungarian-foie-gras-boycott-struggles-for-moral-sovereignty-i/ [10] Hungary's foie gras industry down with flu as millions of birds die | Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/business/environment/hungarys-foie-gras-industry-down-with-flu-as-millions-of-birds-die-idUSKBN1591OZ/ [11] More Hungarian foie-gras farms hit by avian flu | WATTPoultry.com https://www.wattagnet.com/poultry-meat/diseases-health/avian-influenza/article/15744160/more-hungarian-foiegras-farms-hit-by-avian-flu [12] The INTEGRÁL Zrt. is working on the production of antibiotic-free, premium goose liver - Trademagazin https://trademagazin.hu/en/antibiotikum-mentes-premium-libamaj-eloallitasan-dolgozik-az-integral-zrt/ [13] Hungerit revenue climbs to HUF 43bn in 2013 – agribusiness.hu https://agribusiness.hu/hungerit-revenue-climbs-to-huf-43bn-in-2013/ [14] ABOUT US https://tranzitker.hu/en/about-us [15] Factory https://integralzrt.hu/en/factory [16] Liver Ltd. - About us https://www.liver.hu/about.html [17] Bulgaria, Hungary stepping up foie gras production | WATTPoultry.com https://www.wattagnet.com/home/article/15485054/bulgaria-hungary-stepping-up-foie-gras-production [18] [21] [22] (PDF) Studies on adulteration of goose foie gras assessed in the years 2015 and 2016 in Hungary – case reports https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350573483_Studies_on_adulteration_of_goose_foie_gras_assessed_in_the_years_2015_and_2016_in_Hungary_-_case_reports [19] Price for Fatty Livers of Domestic Ducks, Fresh or Chilled in Hungary - 2025 - Charts and Tables - IndexBox. https://www.indexbox.io/search/price-for-fatty-livers-of-domestic-ducks-fresh-or-chilled-hungary/ [20] Meat and edible offal; of geese, fatty livers (foie gras), fresh or chilled | Imports and Exports | 2023 https://trendeconomy.com/data/commodity_h2/020753

European Commission. EU Scientific Veterinary Committee Report on Welfare of Ducks and Geese, 1998. Data on Spanish production (1990–1996)[11]. Spanish Government. Real Decreto 474/2014, establishing quality standards for meat products; defines foie gras as liver of force‑fed ducks or geese[5]. Interpalm & MAPA. Dossier de prensa Interpalm 2019: numbers of ducks raised, production volumes, export revenues and consumption[8][16]. Interpalm & MAPA. Manual de bioseguridad y buenas prácticas para palmípedas, 2017: details on import of day‑old ducklings and disease‑control measures[24]. Interpalm. Presentation on Avian Influenza and sector data, 2022: membership numbers, 2021 production, sales and export values, and impact of H5N1[14][18]. Qcom.es. “La producción de foie gras en Europa consolida su futuro”, 2024: 2023 production and export figures, consumption levels, sector employment, and geographic distribution[1][2]. Gastroactitud. “Foie gras español, patrimonio gastronómico europeo”, 2021: 2020 production and exports[17]. Realidad Ganadera. “El foie gras, un sector clave para el mundo rural”, 2023: 2022 figures for ducks raised, processed volumes, domestic sales and export revenue[26]. Avicultura. Interview with Enrique de Prado, 2019: Interpalm membership, production volumes, export share and consumption levels[13][4]. Animal Equality. Investigation on Caracierzos (2012): Martiko’s market share and supply chain details[19]. Foods & Wines from Spain (ICEX). “100 % Spanish‑Made Foie Gras”, 2020: details on Selectos de Castilla, Malvasía, and Martiko, including exports[10][21][20]. Lur Berri. Activity report 2020/21: ADP’s production of 637 600 fattened ducks[12]. Igualdad Animal. “Aprobada la PNL que reclama el fin de la alimentación forzada”, 2025: details on parliamentary motion and votes[7]; emphasises Spain as one of five EU countries permitting gavage[31]. Murcia Today. “Spain is one of five European countries that still allow force‑feeding”, 2024: summarises activism, petition and legislative proposals. [1] [2] [3] Foie Gras: ¡Disfrutemos de este manjar de dioses! https://www.qcom.es/alimentacion/reportajes/foie-gras-disfrutemos-de-este-manjar-de-dioses_58568_2_63712_0_1_in.html [4] [13] "España es el segundo consumidor de FOIE GRAS del mundo” - Avicultura https://avicultura.com/espana-es-el-segundo-consumidor-de-foie-gras-del-mundo/ [5] BOE-A-2014-6435 Real Decreto 474/2014, de 13 de junio, por el que se aprueba la norma de calidad de derivados cárnicos. https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php [6] FoieGood: The Alternative https://www.foiegood.com/ [7] [28] [31] Aprobada la PNL que reclama el fin de la alimentación forzada para producir foie gras | Igualdad Animal https://igualdadanimal.org/noticia/2025/11/25/aprobada-pnl-alimentacion-forzada/ [8] [15] [16] Dossier de prensa Interpalm VF.indd https://www.elfoiegras.es/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Dossier-de-prensa-Interpalm.pdf [9] FOIE GRAS COLLVERD | Grupo Gourmets https://www.gourmets.net/salon-gourmets/2025/exhibitors-catalogue/foie-gras-collverd [10] [20] [21] [22] 100% Spanish-Made Foie Gras | Foods & Wines from Spain https://www.foodswinesfromspain.com/en/food/articles/2020/september/100-spanish-made-foie-gras [11] 0727.PDF https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_scah_out17_en.pdf [12] activity-report-lur-berri-2020-21.pdf https://www.lurberri.fr/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/activity-report-lur-berri-2020-21.pdf [14] [18] [25] Diapositiva 1 https://www.mapa.gob.es/dam/mapa/contenido/ganaderia/temas/sanidad-animal-e-higiene-ganadera/sanidad-animal/enfermedades/aves/influenza-aviar/interpalm_elpapeldelsectorenlaprevencionvigilanciaycontroldelaiaenriquedelprado.pdf [17] Foie gras español, patrimonio gastronómico europeo - Gastroactitud. Pasión por la comida https://www.gastroactitud.com/pista/foie-gras-espanol/ [19] European Retailers Linked to Foie Gras Cruelty https://animalequality.org/news/2012/12/27/foie-gras-brutal-scenes-of-animal-suffering-linked-to-european-retailers/ [23] NEIKER_2023_REPORT_EN_baja.pdf https://neiker.eus/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/NEIKER_2023_REPORT_EN_baja.pdf [24] manual.indd https://www.mapa.gob.es/dam/mapa/contenido/ganaderia/temas/sanidad-animal-e-higiene-ganadera/sanidad-animal/bioseguridad-y-buenas-practicas/aves-bioseguridad/manual_bioseguridad_aves_palmipedas.pdf [26] [30] [32] El foie gras, un sector clave para el mundo rural | European Livestock Voice https://realidadganadera.es/home/actividad/mas-alla-del-titular/el-foie-gras-un-sector-clave-para-el-mundo-rural/ [27] Diario de Sesiones de la Comisión de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación https://www.congreso.es/public_oficiales/L15/CONG/DS/CO/DSCD-15-CO-468.PDF [29] Inspecciones casi inexistentes en las granjas de foie gras https://igualdadanimal.org/noticia/2025/04/30/inspecciones-casi-inexistentes-en-las-granjas-de-produccion-de-foie-gras/

Heavy Table (Dec 2009) – Alyssa Vance, “The Ducks of Au Bon Canard in Caledonia.” Heavy Table magazine[5][4]. (Profile of Au Bon Canard’s farm practices and scale, including quotes from Christian Gasset.) Au Bon Canard – Official Site – “Our History and Philosophy” and “Press” pages[55][1]. (Background on the founding by Christian & Liz Gasset, farm philosophy, and timeline through 2023 ownership change.) Mpls.St.Paul Magazine (Apr 2020) – Stephanie March, “Meritage Supports ABC Duck Farm”[17][15]. (Article on how a local restaurant helped Au Bon Canard during COVID-19; includes info on Au Bon Canard’s restaurant-centric sales and reputation.) Crescent City Farmers Market (July 2021) – Market Umbrella Newsletter, “Vendor of the Week: Backwater Foie Gras”[39][49]. (Brief profile of Backwater Foie Gras for farmers market patrons, describing its founding, three-generation family, and pasture-raised approach.) Louisiana Eats (WWNO) – Poppy Tooker (Oct 2022) – “St. Tammany Taste Quick Bite: Backwater Foie Gras”[51][28]. (Public radio segment blog highlighting Ross McKnight’s foie gras operation, including notes on family involvement and humane feeding, with input from the McKnight family and their French friends.) OSV News/Diocese of Tucson (June 2023) – Maria Wiering, “Louisiana farmer’s promotion of Sacred Heart over Pride Month costs business, rallies fellow Catholics”[34][48]. (News article detailing the fallout from Backwater’s social media post, loss of restaurant contracts (~$6k/month) and subsequent support from the Catholic community; provides context on Backwater’s scale and customer base.) Backwater Foie Gras – Official Site – “Who We Are” and “Our Farming Process” pages[29][36]. (Ross McKnight’s first-person account of starting the farm in 2019, the inspiration behind it, and a step-by-step description of how they raise and feed ducks for foie gras on pasture.) Au Bon Canard – Official Site – Home page and product info[10][18]. (Details on Au Bon Canard’s duck rearing practices – no antibiotics, outdoor life, on-site processing – and the announcement of selling duck products directly to individuals beyond the restaurant trade.) [1] [59] [60] About 5 — Au Bon Canard https://www.abcfoiegras.com/press [2] [3] [22] [55] [56] About — Au Bon Canard https://www.abcfoiegras.com/history [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [11] [12] [16] [24] [25] The Ducks of Au Bon Canard in Caledonia – Heavy Table https://heavytable.com/the-ducks-of-au-bon-canard-in-caledonia/ [10] [13] [14] [18] [21] [23] [57] Au Bon Canard https://www.abcfoiegras.com/ [15] [17] [19] [20] Meritage Supports ABC Duck Farm - Mpls.St.Paul Magazine https://mspmag.com/eat-and-drink/foodie/meritage-supports-abc-duck-farm/ [26] [32] [40] [43] [44] [53] Backwater Foie Gras, Farmstead, and Workshop https://backwaterfoiegras.com/ [27] [29] [30] [31] Backwater Foie Gras, Farmstead, and Workshop https://backwaterfoiegras.com/who-we-are [28] [50] [51] St. Tammany Taste Quick Bites: Backwater Foie Gras - Poppy Tooker https://www.poppytooker.com/this-weeks-show/2022/10/6/st-tammany-taste-quick-bite-backwater-foie-gras [33] [41] [46] Foie Gras from Louisiana? Yes, It's a thing. - Biz New Orleans https://bizneworleans.com/foie-gras-from-louisiana-yes-its-a-thing/ [34] [42] [47] [48] Home | New Outlook - Louisiana farmer promotion of Sacred Heart over Pride Month costs business, rallies fellow Catholics https://news.diocesetucson.org/news/louisiana-farmer-promotion-of-sacred-heart-over-pride-month-costs-business-rallies-fellow-catholics [35] [36] [37] Backwater Foie Gras, Farmstead, and Workshop https://backwaterfoiegras.com/farmingprocess [38] [39] [45] [49] [58] Market Morsel | Market Umbrella | Crescent City Farmers Market https://crescentcityfarmersmarket.org/news/578/88/July-5-2021 [52] Backwater Foie Gras — Louisiana Eats - Poppy Tooker https://www.poppytooker.com/this-weeks-show/tag/Backwater+Foie+Gras [54] Ross McKnight on The Backwater Agrarian PMA - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHoE7y5CEfY

Primary legal and regulatory documents California Health & Safety Code §§ 25980–25984 (SB 1520)[6]. Association des Éleveurs de Canards et d’Oies du Québec v. Bonta (9th Cir. 2022)[5]. Chicago Ordinance PO‑05‑1895[15]; Chicago repeal recorded by Britannica[16]. Matter of City of New York v. Ball (N.Y. Supreme Ct., Albany Cty, 2024)[7]. Brookline, MA Foie Gras Bylaw (2025). Maryland SB 599 (2008)[29]. Delaware River Basin Commission, Docket D‑2006‑037‑3 (2013 renewal of Hudson Valley Foie Gras Wastewater Treatment Plant)[30][31]. Government/official statistics Shepstone Management, Economic Importance of the New York State Foie Gras Industry (2004)[2]. American Veterinary Medical Association, AVMA Backgrounder: Foie Gras Production and Welfare (2014)[1]. World Bank’s World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), U.S. trade data for HS 020743/020744 (fresh/chilled fatty livers) and HS 160220 (prepared/preserved livers)[28][8][9]. Major investigative reporting and academic sources Forbes, “Hudson Valley Foie Gras—America’s Foie Factory” (1998)[11]. Sullivan County Democrat, “La Belle Farm: A Tour Through the Foie Gras Process” (30 Sept 2019)[12][22][23][24]. Times Union / Associated Press, “Ban on French Delicacy May Hit U.S. Farms” (30 Aug 2019)[41][20]. The Counter, “Inside America’s Foie Gras Farms” (2019)[42]. Journal of Animal Law, “Combating Animal Cruelty with Environmental Law Tactics” (2008)[39]. Advocacy and legal commentary New York City Bar Association, Letter to Governor Cuomo re Animal Policy (2011)[43]. PETA, “Animal Rights Activists Sue D’Artagnan” (2019)[33]. Sentient Media, “What Hudson Valley Foie Gras Doesn’t Want You to Know” (2019)[34]. [1] foie_gras_bgnd.pdf https://www.avma.org/sites/default/files/resources/foie_gras_bgnd.pdf [2] EconomicReport.pdf https://shepstone.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/EconomicReport.pdf [3] [14] [19] [20] [21] [41] Ban on French delicacy may hit U.S. farms https://www.timesunion.com/living/article/Ban-on-French-delicacy-may-hit-U-S-farms-14403714.php [4] Au Bon Canard — Driftless Grown https://www.driftlessgrown.com/members/au-bon-canard [5] 20-55882.pdf https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2022/05/06/20-55882.pdf [6] CA - Food Production - Chapter 13.4. Force Fed Birds | Animal Legal & Historical Center https://www.animallaw.info/statute/ca-food-production-chapter-134-force-fed-birds [7] Matter of City of New York v Ball :: 2024 :: New York Other Courts Decisions :: New York Case Law :: New York Law :: U.S. Law :: Justia https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/other-courts/2024/2024-ny-slip-op-24179.html [8] United States Fresh or chilled fatty livers of geese or ducks exports by country | 2022 | Data https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/USA/year/2022/tradeflow/Exports/partner/ALL/product/020731 [9] United States Preparations of animal liver imports by country | 2022 | Data https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/USA/year/2022/tradeflow/Imports/partner/ALL/product/160220 [10] Foie gras saga continues | The River Reporter https://riverreporter.com/stories/foie-gras-saga-continues%2C15995 [11] Liver and guts https://www.forbes.com/global/1998/0518/0104082a.html [12] [22] [23] [24] A look into foie gras production - Sullivan County Democrat https://www.scdemocratonline.com/stories/a-look-into-foie-gras-production%2C12937 [13] [26] [43] https://www2.nycbar.org/pdf/report/uploads/20072082-LettertoGovernorCuomoofferingitsviewsregardingimportantpolicydecisionsreanimals.pdf [15] Grant https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/grant.pdf [16] Foie Gras: Too High a Price? | Saving Earth | Encyclopedia Britannica https://explore.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/foie-gras-too-high-a-price-2 [17] [39] J O U R N A L O F A N I M A L L A W https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/jouranimallawvol4_p19.pdf [18] Federal District Court Decision, "HSUS v. Hudson Valley Foie Gras, LLC," May 2010 - HumaneWatch https://humanewatch.org/document/federal_district_court_decision_hsus_v-_hudson_valley_foie_gras_llc_ma/ [25] Au Bon Canard https://www.abcfoiegras.com/ [27] NYC Votes to Ban Foie Gras | Eater NY https://ny.eater.com/2019/10/30/20940076/nyc-foie-gras-ban-passes-city-council [28] Fresh or chilled fatty livers of geese or ducks exports by country |2019 https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/ALL/year/2019/tradeflow/Exports/partner/WLD/product/020731 [29] Microsoft Word - $ASQBD_0900a346801d77bf_10257.doc https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2008rs/bills/sb/sb0599f.pdf [30] [31] [32] STP & IWTP Docket https://www.nj.gov/drbc/library/documents/dockets/091113/2006-037-3.pdf [33] Foie Gras: Cruelty to Ducks and Geese | PETA https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/factory-farming/ducks-geese/foie-gras/ [34] What Hudson Valley Foie Gras Doesn’t Want You to Know https://sentientmedia.org/what-hudson-valley-foie-gras-doesnt-want-you-to-know/ [35] Avian flu strikes commercial ducks in New York | WATTPoultry.com https://www.wattagnet.com/poultry-meat/diseases-health/avian-influenza/news/15712641/avian-flu-strikes-commercial-ducks-in-new-york [36] [37] Facts https://www.stopforcefeeding.com/facts [38] [40] Informational%20Packet%20-%20Intro%201378%20-%208.1.2019.pdf https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c5711b1da50d32f334c8116/t/5d439276472dcf00012ccb99/1564709509995/Informational%20Packet%20-%20Intro%201378%20-%208.1.2019.pdf [42] New York City is set to ban foie gras from restaurants and shops https://thecounter.org/new-york-city-foie-gras-ban-gavage/