Foie Gras Production in Belgium: Industry History, Scale, Trade, Regulation, and Opposition

Earliest production c. 1980s → January 2026.

Production continues only in Wallonia. Flanders and Brussels banned force‑feeding in 2017–2023. About seven Walloon producers remain and they fatten around 25,000 ducks each year1. Filings from Euro Foie Gras show that Belgian output has shrunk to c. 13 t of foie gras in 2024 and that 100 % of it comes from ducks2. Belgium remains a major consumer and importer: Belgians eat roughly 105 g per capita and the country is the second‑largest importer of raw foie gras2.

Duck livers dominate. Geese were used in the early 1990s but had virtually disappeared by the 2010s—92 % of Belgian foie gras in 2012 was from ducks3, and the Euro Foie Gras figures for 2024 show only duck production2. The traditional method remains gavage: ducks are raised outdoors for most of their lives and then force‑fed grain‑based mash for 10–14 days4. While some producers emphasise artisanal practices and outdoor rearing, there is no commercial production without force‑feeding. Experimental alternative methods (e.g., natural seasonal fattening) have not been adopted and the Walloon government has not funded research into them5.

Belgium’s foie‑gras industry is small but symbolically important. Production began in the 1980s and peaked at 48 t in 19956; it has since declined to around 25 t in 20123 and 13 t in 20242. The sector produces less than 1 % of global foie gras but Belgians are enthusiastic consumers, making Belgium the second‑largest consumer per capita in Europe and a significant importer2. Production is confined to Wallonia, where about seven family‑run farms and co‑operatives use conventional force‑feeding. Belgium exports chilled fatty livers valued at US$4.7 million in 20237 but still imports more raw livers than it produces, relying on large supplies from Hungary and France8. Politically, the industry is increasingly fragile. Brussels banned force‑feeding in 2017 and Flanders followed with a decree ending all force‑feeding and fur‑farming by December 20239. Wallonia’s government remains supportive, yet animal‑welfare activists (notably GAIA) have mobilised public petitions and litigation. In December 2023 GAIA sued the Walloon Region for failing to ban force‑feeding, arguing that it violates EU directives and the region’s own animal‑welfare code1011. The industry therefore operates under constant legal pressure and may shrink further if Wallonia enacts a ban.

Introduction of foie gras production (mid‑1980s). Belgium’s foie‑gras industry began when several Walloon farmers started raising ducks for foie gras around 1985. Upignac’s family‑run farm in Upigny, for example, started duck breeding in the mid‑1980s and built a large processing workshop in 199312. These pioneers marketed their products in local markets and quickly attracted demand from Belgian gastronomy. Rapid expansion and industrialisation (early‑1990s). By 1993 Belgium produced about 40 t of foie gras6. Production peaked around 1995 at 48 t, involving about 98,000 ducks and 2,000 geese6. Imports of raw foie gras supplemented domestic production, and consumption was estimated at 200 t6. Farms started adopting more systematic gavage; feed was mainly maize, and the sector benefited from the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy subsidies for grain and poultry. Consolidation and modernization (late‑1990s–2000s). Upignac upgraded facilities in 1993, enabling refrigerated processing and packaging for supermarkets, and began supplying Delhaize in 199712. Another farm, Louis Legrand in Templeuve, diversified into duck breeding in 1998, building on an eight‑generation family farm. The Legrand family kept ducks outdoors, fed them on farm‑grown cereals and used maize for gavage13. Flanders also saw industrialisation; Filip Callemeyn’s Bekegemse Foie Gras farm in West Flanders received 1,200 day‑old ducklings every two weeks (over 30,000 ducks per year) and used group pens to comply with the EU’s ban on individual cages14. Regulatory milestones. Belgium adopted a Royal Decree (25 April 1994, amended 8 December 2010) which set welfare standards for force‑fed ducks—requirements on cage size, staff training, lighting and feed—and delegated inspections to the Walloon Animal Welfare Service15. In 2010–2011, the EU banned individual cages for force‑fed ducks, leading producers like Callemeyn to convert to group housing14.

Decline in output. According to the Belgian Council for Animal Welfare (translation by Broom & Rochlitz), production fell to about 25 t in 2012 and involved around 50,000 ducks across 13 producers3. By 2024 Euro Foie Gras reported only 13 t, all from ducks2, showing a sharp contraction. The decline reflects high labour costs, the shift to artisanal production, and a lack of economies of scale. Regional bans. The Brussels region adopted an order banning force‑feeding in 201716. The Flemish Parliament passed a law in 2019 prohibiting fur farming and force‑feeding by December 20239. The last Flemish producer, Filip Callemeyn, closed ahead of the deadline in late 202217. Wallonia, however, continues to allow force‑feeding, making Belgium one of only five EU jurisdictions (with France, Spain, Hungary and Bulgaria) where the practice is still legal1. Activist pressure and legal challenges. Animal‑welfare organisation GAIA has campaigned against force‑feeding since the 1990s. In December 2022 GAIA, the Union Wallonne pour la Protection des Animaux and FéFRACAF filed a petition with over 6,650 signatures demanding a Walloon ban18. When the Walloon Parliament took no action, GAIA filed a lawsuit in December 2023 accusing the region of failing to implement Directive 98/58/EC and to study alternatives1920.

Belgium’s foie‑gras sector comprises a handful of family‑run farms and cooperatives. The Federal “College of Producers” represents them within Euro Foie Gras21. There are approximately seven operating farms in Wallonia1; each integrates breeding, fattening, slaughter and processing. The producers supply local markets and gourmet retailers; only a few sell to national supermarket chains.

Ferme d’Upignac (Upigny, Namur). Began duck breeding in the mid‑1980s and constructed a large workshop in 199312. It supplies major supermarkets (e.g., Delhaize) and emphasises artisanal, manual processing with about 40 workers22. Ducks live outdoors and are finished with maize gavage; products include whole lobes, terrines and pâtés. Ferme Louis Legrand (Templeuve, Hainaut). A family farm operating for eight generations; diversified into duck breeding in 199813. Ducks are raised plein‑air (outdoors) and fed farm‑grown cereals; force‑feeding uses maize. The farm sells raw foie gras and a range of cooked products. Its narrative stresses quality and tradition13. Ferme de la Sauvenière (Hemptinne‑lez‑Florennes, Namur). Highlighted by Euro Foie Gras as an example of open‑air duck rearing and artisanal processing, inviting visitors to see “assisted feeding” during open farm days23. The farm also produces duck confit and rillettes. Filip Callemeyn/Bekegemse Foie Gras (Ichtegem, West Flanders). Until 2022 he was the only Flemish producer. Callemeyn received 1,200 ducklings every two weeks, raising over 30,000 ducks per year14. Ducks lived on grass and were later group‑housed for the force‑feeding phase of 10–14 days14. The farm closed in 2022 as Flanders’ ban took effect17. Other Walloon producers. GAIA notes that seven producers remain but does not name them1. They are mostly small family farms clustered in Namur, Hainaut and Walloon Brabant. Upignac and Legrand appear to be the largest. The typical operation rears a few thousand ducks yearly, employs 5–40 people and controls slaughter on‑site.

Processing is integrated. Farms produce whole foie gras (raw or semi‑cooked), mousses and terrines, rillettes and confit. Upignac sells under its own brand to supermarkets; Legrand and Sauvenière sell directly to consumers and through specialty shops. There is no significant industrial processor or private‑label export facility.

Belgium’s production has diminished steadily: Period Production volume and animals Early 1990s ~40 t in 1993, rising to 48 t in 1995; about 98 k ducks and 2 k geese used6. 2012 ≈25 t of foie gras from 50 k ducks across 13 producers3. 92 % from ducks3. 2024 13 t of foie gras, 100 % duck2. GAIA estimates 25,000 ducks are force‑fed per year1.

Input costs and feed. Feed is predominantly maize and wheat. Producers like Legrand grow cereals on‑farm and feed naturally, reducing purchase costs13. Fattening requires twice‑daily gavage for 10–14 days4. Labour is intensive: Callemeyn’s farm delivered 600 feedings per hour during the fattening phase14. Because Belgium has no large hatcheries for foie‑gras breeds, day‑old ducklings are imported from France or Hungary, increasing costs. Labour and compliance. Artisanal farms employ small teams (5–40 workers). Compliance with welfare rules (collective pens, training) and hygiene standards set by the 1994/2010 Royal Decree15 add costs. Flanders’ closure shows compensation for closures (10 million € total) and indicates that regulatory compliance can be a significant financial burden9. Price dynamics. Producers sell foie gras as a luxury product. Farmgate price data are scarce, but Belgian retail prices for local products are high. Imports of cheaper livers from Hungary and France suppress domestic demand and limit margins. The reliance on direct sales (farm shops, Christmas markets) reduces marketing costs but makes sales seasonal. Industry concentration. The sector is highly fragmented: the top farms (Upignac and Legrand) likely account for the majority of Belgium’s 13 t output. There is no vertically integrated corporation; instead, independent family farms or small cooperatives manage the supply chain.

Belgian production is contracting. Output dropped from 48 t (1995) to 13 t (2024). The contraction is driven by regional bans, high costs, activism and competition from cheaper imports. Without government subsidies or a guarantee of market access, further decline is likely.

Belgium exports both fresh fatty livers and processed foie gras, but volumes are small compared with imports. Fresh or chilled fatty livers (HS 020731). World Bank (WITS/UN Comtrade) data show that Belgium exported US$4.715 million of fresh or chilled fatty livers of geese or ducks in 2023 (about 121 763 kg)7. This made Belgium the fifth‑largest exporter after Hungary, Bulgaria, France and the EU average7. Main destinations (from TrendEconomy) included France, Germany and the Netherlands, which collectively accounted for about 10.6 % of world exports (Belgian export flows: $199 k to France, $368 k to Germany and $495 k to the Netherlands)24. Belgium also exported to neighbouring Luxembourg and other EU states. Prepared/preserved liver products (HS 160220). Detailed Belgian data are scarce, but TrendEconomy notes that Belgium exported US$1.1 million of prepared goose livers (fresh/chilled) in 202325, representing 11 % of world exports. Because this category covers all animals’ livers, it likely includes foie gras pâtés and terrines. Export dependency. Domestic consumption absorbs most of the country’s 13 t output. Exports appear to be built on re‑exported Hungarian and French livers rather than locally produced foie gras. Belgian producers supply luxury shops in France, Germany and the Netherlands, but exports constitute a minor share of revenue.

Belgium is the second‑largest importer of raw foie gras in the world2. TrendEconomy data on goose liver (HS 020753) show that Belgium accounted for 22 % of world imports in 2023, valued at about US$2.47 million26. Over 21 % of the world’s imports of goose liver were from Hungary to Belgium27, illustrating heavy dependence on Hungarian suppliers. Belgium also imported raw livers from France and Germany. These imports are processed into pâtés and terrines by Belgian companies or sold fresh during the holiday season.

Regional bans have not restricted imports; Flanders and Brussels still allow foie gras produced elsewhere to be sold. Thus Walloon producers still access markets in Flanders and Brussels, while imported French and Hungarian foie gras continues to dominate supermarkets17. Should other EU members or cities enact sales bans, Walloon producers would lose significant outlets.

Belgium has no national law expressly authorising force‑feeding; instead, the 1986 Law on the Protection and Welfare of Animals provides general welfare standards. The Royal Decree of 25 April 1994 (amended in 2010) sets specific conditions for force‑fed ducks and geese—size of collective cages, lighting, feeding equipment, water availability, staff training—and tasks the Walloon Animal Welfare Service with issuing certificates and inspections15. Producers must keep ducks in group pens (individual cages were banned by an EU directive in 2011); forced feeding may only occur for a short period and must use maize meal.

Brussels (2017). The Brussels‑Capital Region approved an order banning force‑feeding in February 2017. There was no foie‑gras production in Brussels, but the ban signalled disapproval of the practice16. Flanders (2019). The Flemish parliament unanimously passed a decree banning fur farming and force‑feeding by 1 December 2023, with compensation for farmers9. The last Flemish producer closed in late 202217. Wallonia. Wallonia has not banned force‑feeding and continues to apply the 1994 Royal Decree. GAIA points out that Walloon rules have not been updated since 2014, despite animal welfare becoming a regional competence, and that they conflict with EU Directive 98/58/EC which prohibits feeding animals in a manner causing unnecessary suffering111. The region has also not commissioned research into alternatives as recommended by the Council of Europe5.

Inspections are carried out by the Walloon Animal Welfare Service, which evaluates cage sizes, equipment and staff training15. There is little public data on inspection frequency or sanctions. GAIA’s 2023 complaint argues that enforcement is inadequate and that the region’s failure to transpose Directive 98/58/EC constitutes maladministration11.

Animal‑welfare issues mirror those elsewhere: force‑fed ducks suffer hepatic steatosis, difficulty breathing, lesions and high mortality. Broom & Rochlitz’s report for the Belgian Council for Animal Welfare notes that over‑feeding causes the liver to enlarge up to ten times its normal size and that mortality during the fattening period is higher than in conventional duck production (7–9 %)28. GAIA’s campaigns highlight the pain inflicted by inserting a tube into the esophagus several times daily1. Producers counter that ducks live outdoors for 90 % of their lives and are handled carefully during a short fattening phase4.

Belgium’s supply chain is susceptible to avian influenza. The Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC) reported 11 poultry farms with highly pathogenic H5 virus infections in 2022 and eight in 202329. In 2024 there were no outbreaks, but Belgium regained HPAI‑free status in April 2025 only to lose it after an outbreak in October 202530. The measures include culling, movement restrictions and surveillance zones31. These outbreaks mainly affect broilers and laying hens but also threaten foie‑gras ducks because high‑density poultry farming facilitates spread. No major foodborne illness or recall linked to Belgian foie gras was found.

Little public information exists on injuries or labour violations in Belgian foie‑gras farms. Because operations are small and family‑run, labour conditions vary. Force‑feeding requires rapid repetitive motions; Callemeyn’s farm performed 600 feedings per hour14, implying potential ergonomic strain. However, there is no record of regulatory enforcement.

No major environmental scandals have been reported. Farms are relatively small and often integrated with crop production (e.g., Legrand’s cereals, Upignac’s orchards). Waste from slaughter and processing is regulated under general animal‑by‑product rules. Because Belgium imports much of its raw liver, the environmental footprint is largely externalised to exporting countries (Hungary and France).

Animal‑welfare activism gained momentum in Belgium in the 1990s. GAIA (Global Action in the Interest of Animals) was founded in 1992 and soon launched campaigns against force‑feeding. Undercover footage and media campaigns presented gavage as cruel and unnecessary. Public opinion gradually shifted, especially in urban Flanders.

In 2017 the Brussels‑Capital Region, with support from GAIA, passed a draft order banning force‑feeding16. Although no production existed in the region, the vote demonstrated political responsiveness to animal‑welfare activism. In 2019 the Flemish parliament, influenced by GAIA and other organisations, unanimously approved a law banning fur farming and force‑feeding, with compensation funds for affected businesses9. GAIA hailed the law as a historic victory and celebrated the closure of Flanders’ single foie‑gras farm in late 202217.

Wallonia’s government and producer associations resisted calls for a ban. Euro Foie Gras and the College of Producers argued that force‑feeding is a “cultural heritage” and emphasised producers’ welfare standards, noting that ducks live outdoors for most of their lives and are fattened for only 10–14 days4. They also highlighted the economic importance of rural jobs and the artisanal nature of the sector. GAIA, however, continued protests, targeted retailers, and filed petitions. In December 2023 GAIA sued the Walloon Region for failing to update its 1986 animal‑welfare law, failing to research alternatives, and violating EU Directive 98/58/EC1011. The case aims to compel the region to prohibit force‑feeding.

Belgium’s debates connect to broader EU campaigns. Four Paws and Eurogroup for Animals advocate deleting minimum liver‑weight standards from EU poultry marketing regulations, arguing that such standards effectively make force‑feeding mandatory32. Belgian activists collaborate with groups in France and Spain, sharing investigative footage and lobbying EU institutions.

Regional legislation. Brussels enacted a ban on force‑feeding in 2017, Flanders in 2019, with enforcement by 2023169. Wallonia has not followed suit despite petitions. Legal action against Wallonia (2023–present). GAIA’s 2023 lawsuit argues that Walloon regulations allowing force‑feeding violate EU Directive 98/58/EC and the Council of Europe’s recommendations to study alternatives15. The case seeks to compel the region to ban force‑feeding under its animal‑welfare code20. EU regulatory review. In 2023–2024 the European Commission consulted on revising poultry marketing standards. Four Paws and other NGOs submitted comments urging deletion of minimum liver‑weight requirements, which would allow non‑gavage foie gras to be marketed legally32. Member‑state positions remain divided. Potential trade disputes. Should Wallonia ban force‑feeding, producers could challenge the ban under EU free‑movement rules. However, the Flanders and Brussels bans have not been legally challenged, suggesting that regional bans are defensible. Conversely, if other countries or cities ban foie gras sales (like New York City or UK supermarkets), Belgium’s exports could be curtailed.

Belgium’s foie‑gras sector differs from France’s industrial model in several ways: Scale and fragmentation. Belgian production is tiny (13 t in 2024) and dispersed among seven farms1. France produces over 15,000 t; Hungary nearly 2,500 t2. There is no vertically integrated conglomerate; instead, family farms combine breeding, fattening, slaughter and direct sales. This structure encourages artisanal quality but limits economies of scale. Mixed cultural drivers. Foie gras is part of Belgium’s festive cuisine, especially around Christmas. Consumption per capita is second only to France, yet production never met domestic demand. Belgians rely heavily on imports; the industry therefore operates more as a niche artisanal sector than a national supply chain hub. Regulatory asymmetry. With production restricted to Wallonia, the sector is vulnerable to regional politics. Flanders and Brussels banned force‑feeding for ethical reasons; Wallonia defends it as rural heritage. This divergence exposes the industry to legal uncertainty and activism. Labour and cost structure. Small farms rely on family labour and seasonal workers; they do not contract feedlots or external hatcheries. Without scale, they face higher unit costs and thus emphasise high‑end, artisanal branding. By contrast, French and Hungarian producers operate large integrated systems with contracted farmers.

Regional legislation: If Wallonia bans force‑feeding—through GAIA’s lawsuit or political reform—the Belgian industry would effectively end. Producers have no alternative location in Belgium because Flanders and Brussels have banned the practice. Supply of day‑old ducklings: Belgian farms import ducklings from France or Hungary; disease outbreaks or trade restrictions could disrupt supply. A policy banning live‑animal transport for force‑feeding would thus hinder production. Feed and cereals: Farms rely on maize; increases in grain prices or restrictions on feed derived from genetically modified maize could raise costs. Crop failures in Wallonia or import restrictions would be problematic because farms grow some but not all feed. Slaughter facilities: Each farm operates its own abattoir. Stricter hygiene requirements or the revocation of slaughter licences could shut down production.

Animal‑welfare investigations: Undercover footage of force‑feeding could provoke public backlash, as past campaigns have shown. Given the small scale, even a single high‑profile investigation could tarnish the entire sector. Disease outbreaks: Avian influenza outbreaks requiring culling could disrupt the supply chain and raise biosecurity concerns29. Public perception that foie‑gras farms are a disease risk could lead to bans or consumer avoidance. Worker injuries: Although not widely reported, the repetitive nature of gavage and slaughter poses ergonomic risks. Evidence of worker exploitation could rally labour unions and broaden anti‑foie‑gras coalitions.

EU directives: Walloon regulations appear to conflict with Directive 98/58/EC, which prohibits feeding in a manner causing unnecessary suffering11. A court ruling confirming this conflict could compel a ban. Marketing standards: The EU poultry marketing regulation’s minimum liver weights make non‑gavage foie gras illegal. If those weight requirements are removed, Belgian producers would lose their legal basis for force‑feeding and could face competition from ethical alternatives. Labeling: The 1994 Royal Decree defines how products may be labelled; mislabelling or failure to meet size standards could result in sanctions.

Animal welfare and public health groups: GAIA collaborates with Four Paws and Eurogroup for Animals; linking force‑feeding to public health (e.g., antibiotic use, zoonotic disease) can broaden support. Environment and farm‑transition advocates: Because Belgium imports most foie gras, activists can frame the sector as incompatible with sustainable regional food systems. Alliances with environmental groups opposed to intensive agriculture could pressure Wallonia. Labour unions: Evidence of repetitive injuries in gavage or low wages could bring trade‑union support to the anti‑foie‑gras campaign.

Target regional legislation. The Belgian case shows that subnational bans can effectively dismantle a country’s foie‑gras industry. Activists succeeded in Flanders and Brussels by framing the issue around animal cruelty and aligning it with broader anti‑fur campaigns916. Similar strategies could be applied to other regions within producing countries. Leverage EU law. GAIA’s 2023 lawsuit argues that Wallonia violates EU Directive 98/58/EC11. Using EU law to challenge national or regional rules offers a promising pathway, especially when domestic legislation is outdated. Advocates elsewhere might similarly invoke EU or national animal‑welfare provisions. Exploit marketing standards. The EU requirement that foie‑gras livers weigh at least 300 g (duck) or 400 g (goose) effectively mandates force‑feeding. Four Paws’ campaign to delete these lines would enable producers using natural feeding to label their product as foie gras32. Pushing this reform could undercut the legal rationale for force‑feeding across Europe. Highlight consumption vs production paradox. Belgium consumes much more foie gras than it produces. Activists can emphasise that bans will not deprive consumers (who already eat imported foie gras) but will end cruelty in local farms. This argument helped pass the Flemish ban and could be persuasive elsewhere. Focus on small scale and vulnerability. With only seven producers remaining1, the Belgian industry lacks the political clout of France’s sector. Exposing the small scale and economic fragility can counter arguments about significant job losses. In other countries, targeting small clusters of producers may also be a feasible strategy.

EU Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Welfare Aspects of the Production of Foie Gras in Ducks and Geese (1998) – production and consumption data for Belgium6. Donald M. Broom & Irene Rochlitz (trans.), Production of Foie Gras Without Force Feeding (2015) – Belgian production (25 t, 13 producers, 50 k ducks) and species share3. Euro Foie Gras, Who We Are (2024) – 13 t of foie gras produced in 2024, 105 g per capita consumption, and regulatory overview215. GAIA, Force‑feeding in foie gras production: GAIA launches legal action against the Walloon Region (Dec 2023) – number of Walloon producers (7), birds force‑fed annually (25,000), and legal arguments111. GAIA news releases (2017–2019) – regional bans in Brussels and Flanders and closure of the last Flemish producer16917. Flanders Today, “Foie gras out of favour” (2010) – operations at Bekegemse Foie Gras (30 k ducks per year, group pens)14. Ferme d’Upignac (company history) – origins, workshop construction, supermarket supply and workforce1222. Ferme Louis Legrand (farm website) – eight‑generation farm, start of duck breeding in 1998, outdoor rearing and maize gavage13. Euro Foie Gras articles (2019, 2022) – Belgian consumption (90 g per capita), fattening phase (10–14 days), open‑farm days at Sauvenière and Louis Legrand423. WITS (World Bank/UN Comtrade) data on fresh or chilled fatty livers exports in 2023 – Belgium’s export value and quantity7. TrendEconomy statistics on goose fatty livers (HS 020753) – Belgium’s share of world imports and exports, major partners2624. FASFC, Situation in Belgium – Avian Influenza (2025) – outbreak data for 2022–2024 and HPAI‑free status33. Four Paws blog, The EU Can End Mandatory Force‑Feeding in Foie Gras Production (July 2023) – discussion of EU regulation requiring minimum liver weights and call for reform32. 1 5 10 11 18 19 20 Force-feeding in foie gras production: GAIA launches legal action against the Walloon Region https://press.gaia.be/force-feeding-in-foie-gras-production-gaia-launches-legal-action-against-the-walloon-region 2 15 21 Who We Are – Euro Foie Gras : Euro Foie Gras https://eurofoiegras.com/en/who-we-are/ 3 28 Microsoft Word - 2015 - FINAL FG Report Broom Rochlitz_NLrev_Hilde.docx https://www.gaia.be/sites/default/files/2021-04/2015_-_final_fg_report_broom_rochlitz_nl_final_0_0.pdf 4 Ban of assisted-feeding in Flanders – Euro Foie Gras : Euro Foie Gras https://eurofoiegras.com/en/2019/03/21/en-etiam-semper-mi-vitae-interdum-lacinia/ 6 0727.PDF https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_scah_out17_en.pdf 7 Fresh or chilled fatty livers of geese or ducks exports by country |2023 https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/ALL/year/2023/tradeflow/Exports/partner/WLD/product/020731 8 24 25 26 27 Meat and edible offal; of geese, fatty livers (foie gras), fresh or chilled | Imports and Exports | 2023 https://trendeconomy.com/data/commodity_h2/020753 9 Flemish Parliament approves ban on fur farming and force feeding | GAIA https://www.gaia.be/en/news/flemish-parliament-approves-ban-fur-farming-and-force-feeding 12 22 From Upigny to Upignac, a family history https://lafermedupignac.be/en_US/une-histoire-de-famille 13 Ferme Louis Legrand - Producteur de foie gras artisanal - Templeuve ( Tournai ) - Belgique - Accueil - Accueil - https://www.fermelouislegrand.be/ 14 Friendly faux | Flanders Today https://www.flanderstoday.eu/content/friendly-faux 16 Ban on force-feeding in the Brussels-Capital Region | GAIA https://www.gaia.be/en/news/ban-force-feeding-brussels-capital-region 17 Last foie gras producer in Flanders to close ahead of force-feeding ban | The Bulletin https://www.thebulletin.be/last-foie-gras-producer-flanders-close-ahead-force-feeding-ban 23 Discovery, pedagogy and rurality: immersion in Wallonia’s foie gras farms – Euro Foie Gras : Euro Foie Gras https://eurofoiegras.com/en/2022/06/22/discovery-pedagogy-and-rurality-immersion-in-wallonias-foie-gras-farms/ 29 30 31 33 Situation in Belgium | FASFC https://www.fasfc.be/animals/animal-health/animal-diseases/avian-diseases/avian-influenza/situation-belgium 32 The EU Can End Mandatory Force-Feeding in Foie Gras Production - FOUR PAWS – Animal Welfare https://www.four-paws.be/our-stories/eu-blog-news/the-eu-can-end-mandatory-force-feeding-in-foie-gras-production